Portrait of Dr Timo Klein

Dr Timo Klein Managing Consultant

Timo is a member of Oxera’s Competition team, with a focus on merger cases. He has advised clients in a wide range of cases involving mergers, horizontal and vertical agreements, abuse of dominance allegations, and damages investigations across various sectors including digital services, financial services, transport, telecoms, pharmaceuticals, retail, and sports.

Alongside his role at Oxera, Timo is an Assistant Professor in Competition Economics at Utrecht University, where he lectures graduate-level courses on the economics of competition law—including market definition, cartel theory, vertical restraints, abuse of dominance, and merger control. Timo holds a PhD in Competition Economics from the University of Amsterdam, and has authored several academic publications in journals including The RAND Journal of Economics, Journal of Antitrust Enforcement, and Journal of European Competition Law & Practice.

Timo speaks Dutch, and English.

Tel: +31 (0) 6 2524 6183

Timo's specialisms include:

Selected
professional experience

  • Study for the European Commission on the dynamic effects of mergers (2025–)

  • Mars/Kellanova (snacking) Phase II merger in the European Union and several other jurisdictions (2025)

  • FincoEnergies/Klaas de Boer (bunkering) Phase II merger in the Netherlands (2024–25)

  • EPCG/IDS (parcel delivery sector) Phase I merger in the UK and European Union (2024)

  • Oxera consultation response to the European Commission’s Draft Guidelines on exclusionary abuse of dominance (2024)

  • KPN/Youfone (telecoms) Phase II merger in the Netherlands (2023–24)

Selected
publications

  • Gonzales García, V., Klein, T. and Moore, D. (2025), ‘Sustainability and exclusionary abuse under Article 102 TFEU: navigating a developing EU framework’, Competition Law Journal, 24:2, pp. 84–94.

  • Barros, L., Klein, T., Kümmel, S. and Noviello, I. (2025), ‘Market definition under the EC Market Definition Notice: substitutability versus homogeneous conditions of competition’, Journal of Antitrust Enforcement, jnaf013.

  • Batra, M., de Bijl, P. and Klein, T. (2024), ‘Ecosystem theories of harm in EU merger control: analysing competitive constraints and entrenchment’, Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, 15:6, pp. 357–67.

  • Gastal, R. and Klein, T. (2024), ‘Exclusivity and exclusion in sports: an economic appraisal following the judgments in European Superleague and International Skating Union’, Competition Law Journal, 23:1, pp. 70–77.

  • Greene Morales, E. and Klein, T. (2024), ‘Mergers: coordinated effects’, in M.D. Noel, Elgar Encyclopedia on the Economics of Competition, Regulation and Antitrust, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 154–62.

  • Klein, T. and Neurohr, B. (2024), ‘The cost coordination theory of harm and the EU trucks case’ European Competition Journal, 20:1, pp. 1–24.

Qualifications

  • PhD Competition Economics, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands

  • MPhil Economics, Tinbergen Institute, Netherlands

  • MSc Political Economy of Europe, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK

  • BSc Economics and Business, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands

Latest Insights:  Dr Timo Klein

Agenda
12 minute read
Depiction of Grey or Green Giants? Sustainability and (Exclusionary Abuse of) Dominance under Article 102 TFEU

Grey or Green Giants? Sustainability and (Exclusionary Abuse of) Dominance under Article 102 TFEU

The intersection of sustainability and competition law has gained increasing attention in recent years—particularly in the context of agreements, as evidenced by the new Horizontal Co-operation Guidelines from the European…
Agenda
9 minute read
Depiction of Exclusive dealing and foreclosure in EU sports: unpacking the economics in the European Court of Justice’s 2023 Christmas gift

Exclusive dealing and foreclosure in EU sports: unpacking the economics in the European Court of Justice’s 2023 Christmas gift

On 21 December 2023, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) pulled the red card for sports associations arbitrarily excluding competing sports organisers in their prior approval rules, acknowledging the potential…
Agenda
12 minute read
Depiction of Striking a balance: legal and economic scrutiny of exclusive dealing in EU sports

Striking a balance: legal and economic scrutiny of exclusive dealing in EU sports

Can a dominant sports organiser demand exclusivity from athletes or clubs? The ongoing European Super League and International Skating Union cases on exclusive dealing in sports, currently in front of…
Agenda
6 minute read
Depiction of Taking notice and looking ahead: a new draft market definition notice for the EU

Taking notice and looking ahead: a new draft market definition notice for the EU

On 22 November 2022, the European Commission launched a public consultation on its draft revised market definition notice. Oxera’s response to the consultation praised the Commission for the improvements on…

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