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Articles
< 1 minute read
Depiction of RIIO-3 Final Determinations

RIIO-3 Final Determinations

On 4 December 2025, Ofgem published its Final Determinations for the upcoming RIIO-3 price control lasting from April 2026 to March 2031 for the electricity transmission, gas transmission, and gas distribution sectors. For electricity, Ofgem’s priority has been the delivery of the infrastructure, to increase energy security and resilience and… Read More

Articles
7 minute read
Depiction of Fragmentation, competition and the EU CSD landscape

Fragmentation, competition and the EU CSD landscape

There is growing attention from policymakers on the design and functioning of the market for central securities depository (CSD) services in the EU.1 This is an important debate with implications for investment and the real economy. The efficiency of trading and post-trading services affects overall execution costs for… Read More

Reports

Driving demand for low-carbon commodities: a market-based approach

Steel and cement are essential to the global economy, generating nearly USD 3 trillion annually, yet they account for around 16% of global CO₂ emissions. Decarbonising these sectors is therefore critical to any credible net-zero pathway. Emerging technologies, such as hydrogen-based steelmaking, clinker substitution, and carbon capture, exist, but commercial… Read More

Image depicting Driving demand for low-carbon commodities: a market-based approach