The continuing development of airport competition in Europe
Key trends including the continuing rapid expansion of LCCs (low-cost carriers) and non-traditional hubs in the Middle East and Istanbul. These developments have contributed to an intensification of the rivalry between airports, across all channels through which they compete. With many of these trends now being long established, the competitive pressures on airports, of all sizes, across Europe are highly likely to endure and continue to develop, implying that regulators and government stakeholders will need to address this ‘new normal’.