The European Union’s new Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR) requires nearly all products sold in the single market to include a Digital Product Passport (DPP). These passports provide product information digitally, moving beyond physical labels to enable real-time updates and greater data accessibility. Commissioned by Amazon, Oxera’s report explores the economic impacts of DPPs across the European single market, with a focus on firms—including SMEs—consumers, regulators, and supply chains.

Our analysis highlights how DPPs can reduce compliance costs, improve supply chain efficiency, and enhance regulatory oversight, while also supporting a more transparent and integrated single market. Benefits include more efficient labelling and packaging processes, better access to product data for consumers and refurbishers, and improved market surveillance. While some implementation challenges remain, these can be mitigated through careful design. In the long term, DPPs have the potential to unlock productivity gains, stimulate innovation, and contribute to sustainable economic growth across Europe.