Fine to pay? When firms cannot afford to pay the European Commission’s penalties
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Assessing the profitability of motorway concessions in France
France’s ecological transition demands the modernisation of motorway infrastructure to support electrification, reduce emissions, and align with new mobility trends. As current concession contracts approach expiration, public authorities must establish a framework that achieves ecological goals while optimising public resources. The concession model, which entrusts private entities with managing infrastructure,… Read More
The Big McBroadband index: a recipe for more meaningful cross-country price comparisons
Price benchmarking exercises are an often used tool by policymakers. When comparing prices across countries, common practice is to make purchasing power parity (PPP) adjustments to control for differences in local price levels and the cost of living (e.g. wages, rent, and taxation). This helps shift the focus from… Read More