Steel and cement are essential to the global economy, generating nearly USD 3 trillion annually, yet they account for around 16% of global CO₂ emissions. Decarbonising these sectors is therefore critical to any credible net-zero pathway. Emerging technologies, such as hydrogen-based steelmaking, clinker substitution, and carbon capture, exist, but commercial… Read More
On Thursday 23 October, in Brussels, Oxera hosted a roundtable discussion entitled ‘The new electronic communications and digital infrastructure regulatory framework: what does the economic evidence say?’. The discussion took place in the context of an increasing focus on the need for change in how the sector is regulated, building… Read More
There is growing attention from policymakers on the market structure and functioning of the EU Central Securities Depository (CSD) sector. This is an important topic with implications for EU investors, EU companies and the real economy. Much of the debate has focused on the problem of ‘fragmentation’, a term that… Read More
As the UK pursues its net zero target, understanding the full impact of the emissions associated with domestic consumption is key to credible climate policy. The current UK national carbon accounting framework focuses on territorial emissions, capturing emissions released within the country’s geographic boundaries. In doing so, it omits consideration… Read More
Oxera welcomes the initiative of the European Commission (the Commission) to provide formal guidelines on the application of certain provisions of the Foreign Subsidies Regulation (the FSR Draft Guidelines). We support the objective of enhancing predictability and providing a clear analytical framework for enforcement. However, we have identified some key… Read More
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a general-purpose technology driving technological change at a rapid pace, reshaping industries, markets, and broader economic structures. While AI offers the prospect of significant productivity gains and economic growth, these benefits are not guaranteed and come with inherent risks and costs. Among the risks are the… Read More
Many Defined Benefit (DB) pension schemes are now in surplus and looking to de-risk through bulk purchase annuities (BPAs). In response, the UK government has proposed interventions to support smaller or less well-funded schemes and to encourage investment in productive finance. The Association of British Insurers commissioned Oxera to provide… Read More
As the frequency and severity of climate-related events escalate, there is a growing consensus that mitigation alone is insufficient; adaptation must play a central role in securing resilience. International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) commissioned Oxera to assess how the private sector’s role in climate adaptation can be strengthened and scaled. Read More
The European Union’s new Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR) requires nearly all products sold in the single market to include a Digital Product Passport (DPP). These passports provide product information digitally, moving beyond physical labels to enable real-time updates and greater data accessibility. Commissioned by Amazon, Oxera’s report explores… Read More
Water UK commissioned Oxera to support its response to the Call for Evidence by the Independent Water Commission (‘the Commission’). This report—which expands on the findings of our previous study for Water UK (‘Investability in PR24’)—studies the investability challenge faced by the England and Wales water sector. The report explores… Read More
